NARROWING THE EXPECTATION GAP IN NIGERIAN QUOTED FIRMS VIA EMPLOYEES’ SHAREHOLDING
pdf

Keywords

employees’ shareholding
expectation gap
external auditors
PLS-SEM
Nigerian quoted firms

How to Cite

ALAO, A., FAKAYODE, O. P., & ODUNSI, O. T. (2024). NARROWING THE EXPECTATION GAP IN NIGERIAN QUOTED FIRMS VIA EMPLOYEES’ SHAREHOLDING. Modern Management Review, 29(3), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2024.mmr.11

Abstract

This study examined the influence of employees’ shareholding on the Expectation Gap (EG) in auditing, focusing on Nigerian quoted firms. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for the study, along with the purposive sampling method. Three hundred and ten (310) responses were used for the analysis. The data were analysed using the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) at a 5 percent level of significance. The result showed that employees’ shareholding (β = 0.374; t = 7.362) has
a significant positive effect on the external auditor’s independence factor.  The study concluded that employees’ participation is a good practice to be employed by the Nigerian quoted firms in addressing the challenge of EG in those firms. Therefore, the study recommended that quoted firms should strengthen the independence of external auditors by allowing employees’ participation in the ownership structure to reduce the EG.

https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2024.mmr.11
pdf

References

Abdelhamid, A.B. (2022). Corporate governance and employee ownership: Evidence from France. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Business Administration, Université Clermont Auvergne for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

ACCA Global (2020). Internal Corporate Governance Practices. Access on the internet: https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/technical-activities/technical-resources-search/2020. html.

Adedeji, S.B. (2020). Corporate governance, intellectual capital, sustainability initiative and performance of medium-sized firms in Nigeria. Unpublished PhD thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Accounting, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

Aditya, F.D. (2020). The influence of internal and external corporate governance mechanisms towards agency cost in Indonesia. Project submitted in the Faculty of Economics and Business undergraduate program at Diponegoro University, Semarang.

Akther, T., Xu, F. (2020). Existence of the audit expectation gap and its impact on stakeholders’ confidence: The moderating role of the financial reporting council. “International Journal of Financial Studies”, 8(4).

Alao, A.A. (2024). Corporate governance practices and audit expectation gap in Nigeria quoted firms. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Accounting, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.

Alao, A.A., Akingunola, R.O., Akintoye, I.R. (2022). Audit expectation gap: A review of literature. Conference Proceedings at the 7th Annual International Academic Conference on Accounting and Finance held at Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Auditorium from 12th–13th April, 2022.

—— (2023). Corporate governance, audit quality and audit expectation gap: Theoretical and conceptual perspectives. “International Journal of Commerce and Finance”, 9(2). Publication of Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Alao, A.A., Okewale, J.A., Sanyaolu, W.A. (2020). Corporate governance and market performance of non-financial firms in Nigeria. “Agogo: African Journal of Humanities”, 9. Publication of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.

Alaraji, F.A.S. (2017). The role and impact of corporate governance on narrowing the expectations gap between the external auditor and the financial community (A practical study of a sample of external audit offices and companies invested in Iraq) (Case study in Iraq). “American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences”, 33(1).

Albeksh, H.M.A. (2016). The role of auditing quality in narrowing the expectations gap in auditing profession. “International Journal of Advanced Research”, 5(1).

Almutairi, A.R., Quttainah, M.A. (2019). Internal and external corporate governance mechanisms in the context of the emerging market. “Corporate Governance and Organisational Behaviour Review”, 3(2). DOI: 10.22495/cgobr_v3_i2_p5.

Awang, Z. (2012). Structural equation modeling using AMOS graphic. Mara: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Mara.

Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., Mohamad, M., Asri, M.A.M. (2015). An evaluation of measurement model for medical tourism research: The confirmatory factor analysis approach. “International Journal Tourism Policy”, 6(1).

Blasi, J., Kruse, D., Freeman, R. (2017). The Citizen's Share: Reducing Inequality in the 21st Century. Yale University Press.

Bova F., Dou Y., Hope O. (2012). Employee ownership and firm disclosure. Working Paper, University of Toronto.

Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Routledge.

Cheng, F., Ji, S. (2021). The impact of employee stock ownership plan on the cost of equity capital: Evidence from China. “Hindawi – Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society”.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Second edition. New Jersey: Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Eboh, E.C. (2009). Social and Economic Research Principles and Methods, Enugu: African Institute for Applied Economics.

Elad, F.L. (2017). The impact of audit education on the audit expectation gap: Evidence from Civilekonom students. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master in Business Administration, Karlstad Business School, Sweden.

Enyi, C., Ifurueze, M.S., Enyi, R. (2012). The audit expectation gap problem in Nigeria: The perception of some selected stakeholder groups. “Research Journal of Finance and Accounting”, 3(7).

Fijabi, L.K. (2020). Corporate governance and auditors’ expectation. “CALEB International Journal of Development Studies”, 3(2).

Fitzsimons, P., Douglas, E. (2011). Employee share ownership and corporate governance. “Journal of Business Ethics”, 99(2).

Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equations models with unobservable variables and measurement error. “Journal of Marketing Research”, 18(1).

Fulop, M.T., Tiron-Tudor, A., Cordos, G.S. (2018). Audit education role in decreasing the expectation gap. “Journal of Education for Business”. DOI: 10.1080/08832323.2018.1527752. Retrieved 8th April, 2019.

George, D., Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Eleventh edition, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Hair Jr., J.F., Babin, B.J., Krey, N. (2017). Covariance-based structural equation modelling in the journal of advertisement: Review and recommendations. “Journal of Advertisement”.

Hair Jr., J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Seventh edition. New Jersey: Pearson Educational International.

Hair Jr., J.F., Matthews, L.M., Matthews, R.L., Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use, “International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis”, 1(2).

Hair Jr., J.F., Sarstedt, J.M., Hopkins, L., Kuppelwieser, G.V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). An emerging tool in business research. “European Business Review”, 26(2).

Hair Jr, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., Gudergan, S.P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Humphrey, C.G., Turley, W.S., Moizer, P. (1993b). Protecting against detection: The case of auditors and fraud? “Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal”, 6(1).

Jabbar, N.S. (2018). The implications of internal and external auditing integration on the auditing performance and its impact on the expectation gap: An exploratory study in the Iraqi environment. “Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal”, 22(3).

Kim, E.H., Patel, E. (2017). The effects of employee ownership on firm performance: evidence from publicly traded firms. “Journal of Financial Economics”, 125(2).

Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Fifth edition. New York: The Guilford Press.

Kozłowski, M. (2014). The relationship between workers’ financial participation in companies and economic results. “Comparative Economic Research”, 17(1).

Kumari, J.S., Ajward, A.R., Dissabandara, D.B. (2017). The audit expectations gap and the role of audit education: Evidence from Sri Lanka. “VJM, University of Sri Jayewardenepura”, 3(1).

Liggio, C.D. (1974). The expectation gap: The Accountant’s waterloo. “Journal of Contemporary Business”, 3.

Limperg, T. (1932). The social responsibility of the auditor. Reproduced in Limperg Institute (1985). New Zealand: Limperg Institute.

Maghraoui, R., Zidai, J. (2016). Effects of employee ownership on the performance of French companies SBF120: Empirical validation. “Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies”, 2(4).

Nguyen, H.T., Nguyen, A.H. (2020). Audit expectation gap: Empirical evidence from Vietnam. “Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business”, 7(5).

Nigerian Code of Corporate Governance [NCCG] (2018). Abuja: Law of Federal Republic of Nigeria.

Olojede, P., Erin, O., Asiriuwa, O., Usman, M. (2020). Audit expectation gap: An empirical analysis. “Future Business Journal”, 6(10).

Payne, G.T., Moore, C. (2022). External corporate governance mechanisms: Linking forces to behaviours. “Business and Management”. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.371.

Pendleton, A., Robinson, A. (2011). Employee share ownership and human capital development: Complementarity in theory and practice. “Economic and Industrial Democracy”, 32(3).

Porter, B.A. (1990). The audit expectation performance gap and the role of external auditors in society. PhD thesis. Massey University, New Zealand.

Ramayah, T., Cheah, J., Chuah, F., Ting, H., Memon, M.A. (2018). Partial least square equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using smartPLS 3.0. An updated and practical guide to statistical analysis. Second edition. Malaysia: Pearson.

Ryu, E. (2011). Effects of skewness and kurtosis on normal-theory based maximum likelihood test statistic in multilevel structural equation modeling. “Behavioural research Methods”, 43(4).

Saidu, S.A., Gidado, S. (2018). Managerial ownership and financial performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. “International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences”, 8(9).

Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., Hair, J.F. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2.

Schelluch, P., Gay, G. (2006). Assurance provided by auditors’ reports on prospective financial information: Implications for the expectation gap. “Accounting and Finance”, 46.

Shbeilat, M.K. (2013). The Jordanian corporate governance code: A study of institutional investors’ perception of the reliability of the audit report and the audit expectation gap. Doctoral Thesis, Australian Catholic University.

Shbeilat, M., Abdel-Qader, W., Ross, D. (2017). The audit expectation gap: Does accountability matter? “International Journal of Management and Applied Science”, 3(9).

Soyemi, K.A., Afolabi, O.V., Obigbemi, I.F. (2021). External audit quality and client’s corporate governance mechanisms in Nigeria: Any nexus? “Journal of Research in Emerging Markets”, 3(2).

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2024 Modern Management Review

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.